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Mankiw (1996) states a ratio of five as a typical figure for the U.S. Historical comparisons show that the degree of nominal price and wage rigidity has remained broadly unchanged throughout the 20th century in the U.S., but that nominal wages were much more flexible before Moreover, Calmfors (1994) investigated several indirect effects and concluded that microeconometric estimates merely provide partial knowledge about the entire pol-icy impact of programs. This study investigates the indirect effects of the labor market policy focus-ing on the aggregate consumption response. Previous research has identiﬁed several ACTIVE LABOUR MARKET POLICY EVALUATIONS: A META-ANALYSIS* David Card, Jochen Kluve and Andrea Weber This article presents a meta-analysis of recent … 2013-12-16 (for example, Wunsch and Lechner, 2008) while taking a much broader view, Calmfors (1994) felt that the overall scale of ALMP provision in a country could be a critical factor in effectiveness. The examples of the literature quoted above show that their focus is on providing guidance According to some studies they do, according to others they do not (Calmfors et al. 2001 (Calmfors et al. , 2004. 4 The flip side of this is that it is also unclear whether or not programmes A decade ago, Calmfors (1994) summarised the potential relevance of wage subsidies – which focus on temporarily subsidising employers who hire long-term unemployed – to fight long-term involuntary unemployment.

Calmfors 1994

2000. 2001. 2002. 2003.

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105, May 1995. For example, as Calmfors and Nymoen (1991) and Calmfors (1994) have stressed, active labor market programs which guarantee employment set a floor for workers' reservation utility levels. The upward pressure on wages which results may raise the natural rate of unemployment. There is, indeed, a small but growing empirical literature on this approach: Calmfors (1994, 1995), Calmfors and Skedinger (1995), Forslund and Krueger (1994), Jackman (1994), Jackman et al.

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In contrast, time series studies of wage formation in Sweden have often found ALMPs to increase aggregate wage pressure, which suggests that regular employment (excluding participation in programmes) may be advers ely affected (Calmfors, 1993a; Skedinger, 1994). Calmfors, Lars.

Google Scholar Calmfors L, Forslund A, Hemström M (2001) Does active labour market policy work?
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Alesina and Perotti (1997) divide countries into three broad institutional to the report of the Calmfors Commission, the government commission assigned referendum concerning EU membership in 1994, as EMU membership was. Apr 28, 1999 wage formation along the lines of Calmfors & Nymoen 1990 4See Calmfors 1994 and Calmfors and Lang 1995 for an overview of e ects of The 1994 OECD Jobs Study proposed a wide-ranging programme of action to See also OECD (1997a); Calmfors (1994); Calmfors and Skedinger (1995).

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(1991), Bean (1994), and Nickell and Layard (1999). påverkar även icke-deltagare (se Calmfors 1994, 1996, för en mer detaljerad genomgång av tänkbara effekter av arbetsmarknadspolitiska program). Mikroeffekterna kan vidare delas in i inlåsningseffekter, vilka beror på minskad sökaktivitet under programdeltagandet, och behandlingseffekter efter avslutad åtgärd. COMMENT ON BERTIL HOLMLUND AND ANN-SOFIE KOLM, Lars Calmfors Pissarides, 1994).